Mining operations relied on manual labor to dig tunnels and shafts, on separating the material through calcheroni and Gill furnaces that heated the rock to release the mineral, and on the work of the carusi — often children — tasked with carrying slabs of sulfur along steep descents.
Today, the remains of chimneys, drying workshops, and water wheels emerge among the Mediterranean scrub as silent monuments to a past of hardship and innovation.